Are knowledge, attitudes and practices about dietary supplements and nutraceuticals related with exercise practice and setting? A cross-sectional study among Italian adults

: This cross-sectional study was aimed to investigate knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding dietary supplements (DS) and nutraceuticals among athletes, gym practitioners, and individuals who did not exercise regularly. A total of 372 participants, aged 18-65, completed a questionnaire covering demographics, supplement usage, and three validated tools: the Knowledge about Dietary Supplements (KaDS), Supplements Knowledge Score (SKS), and Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice towards Nutraceuticals (KAPN). Significant differences were found in the use of vitaminised water, protein powder, glucosamines, beetroot juice, creatine, omega-3, and pre-workout supplements among the groups, with gym practitioners reporting the highest usage. Athletes scored the highest in knowledge of DS effects on health, while both athletes and gym practitioners scored higher than non-exercisers in knowledge related to sports supplements. However, all groups showed inadequate knowledge of nutraceuticals, and moderately positive attitudes towards these products. Older participants performed better in knowledge questionnaires. These findings suggest that gym practitioners, inactive and young people could benefit most from educational interventions regarding dietary supplementation.