Pandemic dreams: quantitative and qualitative features of the oneiric activity during the lockdown due to COVID-19 in Italy

Objective: The lockdown due to COVID-19 pandemic had a strong impact on daily habits, emotionalexperience, mental health and sleep. A large body of evidence suggests that dreams are affected by bothwaking experiences and sleep pattern. In this view, the lockdown should have induced intense modificationsin dreaming activity. The aim of the study was to assess dream features during the lockdown inItaly.Methods: We used an online survey to collect self-reported demographic, clinical, sleep and dream data.Our sample included 1091 participants.Results: Results point to an increased dream frequency, emotional load, vividness, bizarreness and lengthduring the lockdown, compared to a pre-lockdown period. Higher dream frequency and specific qualitativefeatures were found in females and subjects with poor sleep quality, nocturnal disruptive behavioursand depressive symptoms. Most of the dream features assessed during the lockdown werepredicted by age, gender, depressive symptoms, presence/absence of other people at home, and territorialarea. A specific focus on sleep features revealed that sleep duration and several sleep quality indexeswere the best predictors of dream variables. During the lockdown, dreams were also characterizedby increased negative emotions, which were particularly frequent in females, younger adults, and participantswith poor sleep quality, nocturnal disruptive behaviours, anxiety and depressive symptoms.Conclusions: Our results confirm the hypothesis of a strong influence of the pandemic on dreaming,supporting both the hypothesis of continuity between wake and sleep mental processes and the view ofa crucial influence of sleep quality and duration on dreaming activity.